The Living Units in Cairene Houses in the Ottoman Period: Towards a New Understanding of Cairene Domestic Architecture

Cairene domestic architecture comprises a variety of housing types, responding to the needs of different socioeconomic classes of society. Of these types, two are studied in detail herein, namely, palaces and mansions of the grandees and middle-class houses. As suggested by Hanna, the latter were divided into separate unequal living units. The study in hand investigates the existence of similar living units in the palaces and mansions\u27. This is accomplished through analyzing living units in some middle-class houses to determine their structure, types and organization. These characteristics are used to define similar units in palaces and mansions. Some relevant documents are then examined in search of indications verifying these findings. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the concept of separate living units used in middle-class houses was also applicable in palaces and mansions. This was an effective way of organizing the living quarters of the house to accommodate various groups of inhabitants, taking into consideration their hierarchy and their relation to each other. These units were not strict divisions; members of the household could generally move around among the units. Yet there were rules, stipulated by Islamic law, that organized their movement, depending on how closely they were related. These units were dynamic entities that changed over time to meet the changing needs of the inhabitants

The dual education program in Egypt: a qualitative study on challenges and opportunities

The Mubarak Kohl Initiative – now called the Dual Education System is considered as one of the most successful intervention of active labor market programs (ALMPs) in Egypt. The Dual Education Program offers a unique type of education that includes on-the-job training. Students can learn, work and earn in addition to a guaranteed job opportunity upon graduation. The blue collar category is normally the poor people who suffer from a low social standard as well as low income. The Dual Education System mainly targets technical and vocational workers to promote their living standard. Technical and Vocational Education in Egypt occupies the least governmental attention in regards to its improvement and budget allocation. This thesis will give an overview on governmental expenditure on technical and vocational education in Egypt. Also, it will point out the importance of the Dual Education System initiative in promoting the vocational and technical professions in Egypt and providing better job opportunities for its graduates and how far this is actually accomplished in reality and the key behind the project\u27s sustainability. It will also point out the main lessons to be learnt from the Dual Education System, how it can be replicated by other interventions and how the program is evolving in its current scale-up phase. It will also show why preparatory students join the Dual Education System although they do not intend to continue in technical and vocational jobs

An Efficient Automatic Mass Classification Method In Digitized Mammograms Using Artificial Neural Network

In this paper we present an efficient computer aided mass classification method in digitized mammograms using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which performs benign-malignant classification on region of interest (ROI) that contains mass. One of the major mammographic characteristics for mass classification is texture. ANN exploits this important factor to classify the mass into benign or malignant. The statistical textural features used in characterizing the masses are mean, standard deviation, entropy, skewness, kurtosis and uniformity. The main aim of the method is to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the classification process in an objective manner to reduce the numbers of false-positive of malignancies. Three layers artificial neural network (ANN) with seven features was proposed for classifying the marked regions into benign and malignant and 90.91% sensitivity and 83.87% specificity is achieved that is very much promising compare to the radiologist's sensitivity 75%.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

Applying Authentic Materials in Teaching English Grammar to Improve EFL Student’s Skills (Teachers’ Attitude)

The objective of this paper is basically to analyze the use of authentic materials in improving the understanding of students by teachers in teaching grammar in English as a foreign language (EFL) to the first-year students of Abyan University in South of Yemen. The teachers of EFL from faculties of education in Zingibar and Lowder participated in the current study. The paper is divided in two parts that is; the theoretical aspects and the practical aspects. Under the theoretical part the researcher describes the term grammar and authentic materials and gives reasons as to why teaching grammar using authentic materials can be beneficial in the learning process. The practical part on the other hand focuses on conducting interviews to the teachers. The results of the study revealed that most EFL teachers hold a positive attitude towards using authentic materials in teaching grammar. Therefore, positive reflections are observed from teachers who approve on Teaching and learning grammar proficiency with the use of authentic materials

The Role of Secondary Education in Enhancing the Information Security Culture among Students in Saudi Arabia

The culture of information security is one of the important issues that have received the attention of all educational institutions, to educate students and inform them of the risks and threats they are exposed to while using the Internet. Thus, the study tries to identify the secondary education role reality in enhancing information security culture among students in Saudi Arabia, its obstacles, and the requirements to be activated. The study applied a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of (267) male and female teachers in secondary schools. The study concluded that the role of secondary education in enhancing information security culture among students is weak. In addition, there are significant obstacles that limit its role in enhancing information security culture among students. Hence, the necessary requirements must be provided to activate its role in enhancing information security culture among students. There are also statistically significant differences between males and females regarding the secondary education role reality in enhancing the information security culture and its obstacles in favor of females at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05), in favor of males at the significance level (α ≤ 0.01) in the requirements for enhancing the information security culture